:root{--bg:#eeeee7;--panel:#f6f5ef;--panel2:#e4e6dd;--text:#171c1a;--muted:#67746d;--line:#cbd1c7;--cyan:#007c9a;--orange:#df602d;--lime:#d7ff39;color-scheme:light}body{background:var(--bg);color:var(--text)}h1,h2,h3{text-wrap:balance}a,button{touch-action:manipulation}button:active,.button:active{transform:scale(.98)}canvas:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--cyan);outline-offset:4px}#site-header{background:#eeeee7f5;color:#171c1a;height:72px;border-bottom:1px solid #171c1a20;padding:0 4vw}#site-header.scrolled{background:#eeeee7f5;height:64px;box-shadow:none}.wordmark{font-size:21px;letter-spacing:-.05em;gap:9px}.wordmark>span:last-child{font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.02em;color:#67746d;font-weight:500}.brand-mark{display:none}nav{gap:31px;font-size:11px}nav a{color:#37453c}.nav-download{color:#fff;background:#171c1a;border:1px solid #171c1a;border-radius:2px;padding:9px 15px}nav a:hover{color:var(--cyan)}nav .nav-download:hover{background:#34463a;color:white}#reading-progress{background:var(--lime);height:3px}.section-wrap{padding-top:110px;padding-bottom:110px}.section-index{font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.05em;color:#6d7e73}.section-heading h2{font-size:clamp(36px,4.4vw,65px);font-weight:500}.section-heading p{color:#63736b;max-width:580px}.section-heading{margin-bottom:40px}.sample-label{color:#627568}.muted{color:#7e8d80}em{color:var(--cyan)}
#journey{height:430svh;background:#121619;color:#f1f3eb;position:relative;isolation:isolate}#journey-stage{position:sticky;top:0;min-height:680px;height:100svh;overflow:hidden;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 78% 45%,#2d3433 0,#181f21 38%,#111619 80%);isolation:isolate}#energy-scene{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:1;display:block}.stage-word{position:absolute;font:600 clamp(200px,35vw,650px)/1 var(--display);letter-spacing:-.11em;right:3vw;top:12%;color:#ebf6de05;-webkit-text-stroke:1px #d6edc40c;z-index:0;pointer-events:none}.stage-topline{position:absolute;top:100px;left:4vw;right:4vw;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font:10px/1.5 var(--display);letter-spacing:.04em;color:#a2afa9;z-index:4}#scene-status{font-size:9px;color:#adc191}#scene-fallback{position:absolute;right:-6vw;top:25%;width:68vw;height:53%;object-fit:contain;z-index:1;opacity:.9;transition:opacity .5s}#journey-stage.scene-loaded #scene-fallback,.scene-loaded #scene-fallback{opacity:0;visibility:hidden}.story-chapter{position:absolute;inset:0;z-index:3;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0}.story-chapter[data-chapter="0"]{visibility:visible;opacity:1}.chapter-copy{position:absolute;left:6vw;top:23%;max-width:550px;width:41%;pointer-events:auto}.chapter-kicker{font:500 10px/1.5 var(--display);letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#b4bfb8;margin-bottom:23px}.chapter-copy h1,.chapter-copy h2{font:500 clamp(60px,6.2vw,100px)/.98 var(--display);letter-spacing:-.065em}.chapter-copy h1{font-size:clamp(66px,6.8vw,108px)}.hero-line{display:block}.chapter-copy em{color:var(--lime);font-weight:400}.chapter-description{color:#a9b7ae;max-width:350px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.9;margin-top:27px}.story-button{background:var(--lime);color:#151b0b;border:0;border-radius:0;padding:14px 21px;font:600 11px var(--display);display:flex;align-items:center;gap:40px;margin-top:28px;transition:background .2s,transform .2s}.story-button:hover{background:#edff9a;transform:translateY(-3px)}.story-button>span{font-size:22px}.chapter-text-link{display:inline-block;color:var(--lime);font-size:11px;margin-top:24px;padding-bottom:4px;border-bottom:1px solid #cde94c55}.chapter-legend{display:grid;gap:10px;margin-top:25px;font-size:10px;color:#b5c2b9}.chapter-legend>span{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px}.sinus-key,.whvc-key{display:inline-block;width:7px;height:7px;border-radius:50%;background:#50c4e0;flex:none}.whvc-key{background:#f6a175}.chapter-annotation{position:absolute;right:4vw;bottom:205px;text-align:right;font:10px var(--display);color:#929f97}.chapter-annotation>span{color:#c7d4c7;font-size:9px;letter-spacing:.03em}.chapter-annotation p{margin-top:10px;line-height:1.7}.chapter-example{margin-top:24px;background:#d7ff3910;color:var(--lime);border:1px solid #d7ff394f;padding:12px 15px;font-size:10px;text-align:left;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:20px}.chapter-example:hover{background:#d7ff3924}.small-caption{font-size:9px;color:#819087;margin-top:13px;line-height:1.8}.chapter-result{margin-top:30px;max-width:330px}.chapter-result p{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:10px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #d5ebd01c;font:11px var(--display)}.chapter-result b{font-weight:500;font-size:30px;margin-left:auto;letter-spacing:-.04em}.chapter-result small{font:10px var(--font);color:#8e9f94;letter-spacing:0}.stage-specs{position:absolute;left:6vw;bottom:200px;display:flex;gap:40px;align-items:baseline}.stage-specs p{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:8px;font:10px var(--display);color:#8e9e94}.stage-specs b{font:400 30px var(--display);letter-spacing:-.04em;color:#dce5dc}.stage-specs span{font-size:8px}.scene-controls{position:absolute;left:4vw;right:4vw;bottom:69px;z-index:5;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:28px;border-top:1px solid #d4e4d02e;padding-top:19px;background:linear-gradient(0deg,#12161944,transparent)}.scene-controls-left{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:18px}#scene-cycle{display:flex;padding:3px;gap:2px;border:1px solid #84968044}#scene-cycle button{font:10px var(--display);color:#90a08f;border:0;background:transparent;padding:7px 11px;border-radius:0}#scene-cycle button[aria-pressed="true"]{background:#d7ff39;color:#1d260c}#scene-play{border:0;background:none;color:#d4e2cd;display:flex;gap:15px;align-items:center;font-size:10px;min-width:82px;padding:10px 0}#scene-play>span:last-child{color:var(--lime);font-size:10px}.scene-timeline{flex:1;max-width:400px;min-width:70px}.scene-timeline input{width:100%;display:block;accent-color:var(--lime);height:20px;cursor:pointer}.scene-timeline output{display:block;text-align:center;color:#b1bfb2;font:9px var(--display);margin-top:4px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}.scene-readings{display:flex;gap:34px;margin-left:auto;text-align:right;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}.scene-readings p{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:5px;font-family:var(--display)}.scene-readings output{font-size:27px;letter-spacing:-.03em;line-height:1}.scene-readings span{font-size:8px;color:#91a08f}.stage-bottomline{position:absolute;left:4vw;right:4vw;bottom:19px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;font:9px var(--display);color:#7a8e7f;z-index:5}.stage-bottomline b{font-weight:500;color:#c7dcbf}.stage-bottomline>span:nth-child(2){color:#b9c8b2;display:flex;gap:20px}.stage-bottomline i{font-style:normal;color:var(--lime)}.stage-bottomline>span:last-child{font-size:8px}.scene-progress-track{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;height:2px;background:#d9e2d218;z-index:5}#scene-progress{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;background:var(--lime);transform:scaleX(0);transform-origin:left}.story-static .story-chapter{opacity:1;visibility:visible}
.intro{padding-top:125px;padding-bottom:100px}.intro h2{font-size:clamp(40px,4.5vw,66px);line-height:1.08}.intro h2>span{color:#849180}.intro-layout{gap:90px}.intro .large-copy{font-size:23px;color:#35463a}.intro-body>p:not(.large-copy),.intro-note{color:#61766a}.intro-note{border-color:#bac9bd}.lab{border-top:1px solid #b9c6ba;padding-top:90px}.lab-console{background:#f6f5ef;border:0;border-radius:0;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #c4d0c1}.console-top{padding-top:26px}.playback{border-top:1px solid #bacab933}.play-button{background:#152a20;color:#eff3e7;border-radius:0;min-height:43px}.play-button:hover{background:#2d4c3b}.timeline input{accent-color:#32654b}.speed-control select,select{background:#eeeee7;border:1px solid #a9bcae;border-radius:0;color:#374b40}.data-status{color:#7c8c7d}.vehicle-panels{gap:0;margin-top:30px;border-top:1px solid #c8d4c5;border-bottom:1px solid #c8d4c5;background:none}.vehicle-panel{background:none;border:0;border-radius:0;padding:28px 32px;position:relative}.vehicle-panel+.vehicle-panel{border-left:1px solid #c8d4c5}.series-number{border:0;font-size:13px;width:auto;height:auto;align-self:start;padding-top:5px}.panel-title h3{font-size:24px;font-weight:500}.series-tag{display:none}.panel-title p{font-size:10px;color:#7d8d80}.live-speed{margin-top:28px;margin-bottom:23px}.live-speed output{font-size:70px}.drive-road{display:none}.energy-flow{border-top:1px solid #bdcebd;font-size:10px}.energy-flow>span:last-child{white-space:nowrap;font-size:13px}.energy-flow>output{color:#6d8271}.battery-line{margin-top:24px}.battery-track{height:4px;border-radius:0;background:#cbd8c7}.battery-track>span{border-radius:0}.panel-bottom{margin-top:26px}.panel-bottom strong{font-size:25px}.lab-note{font-size:10px;color:#6f8171}.signal-panel{background:none;border:1px solid #b9cbb9;border-radius:0;padding:28px 25px}.signal-heading h3{font-size:27px}.signal-heading p{color:#6c8170}.chart-footnote{color:#6a806e}.chart-readout{color:#355440}#chart-tooltip{background:#fffef7;border:1px solid #869d85;color:#283e2b;box-shadow:0 6px 15px #15261715;border-radius:0}.finding-story h2{font-size:clamp(45px,5vw,70px)}.finding-story h2 em{color:#748e75}.finding-story>p{color:#61766a}.delta-number>span{color:#244c35;font-size:clamp(85px,8vw,115px);font-weight:400}.delta-number p{color:#5f7869;font-size:11px}.segmented{background:#dbe2d4;border:0;border-radius:0;padding:3px}.segmented button{border-radius:0;color:#65785e}.segmented button[aria-pressed="true"]{background:#182a1b;color:#f1f7e5}.comparison-row strong{font-size:37px}.comparison-track{height:28px;background:#dae2d5;border-radius:0}.comparison-track span{border-radius:0}.cyan-bar{background:#007c9a}.orange-bar{background:#df602d}.comparison-footnote{color:#71816e}.results-table-wrap{margin-top:85px}.results-table caption,.results-table thead th{color:#657a65}.results-table thead th{border-bottom:1px solid #8ca38a}.results-table tbody th{color:#4d6652}.results-table tbody tr{border-bottom:1px solid #c8d5c2}.results-table tbody td{font-size:24px;padding-top:22px;padding-bottom:22px}.results-table td small{color:#72886e}.table-note{color:#72826a}.insight{border-left:0;border-top:1px solid #c4d1bb;background:none;border-radius:0;padding:30px 0}.insight h3{font-size:23px}.insight p{color:#688064}.insight-symbol{color:#315e3a;font-size:43px}.method{border-top:1px solid #bacbb1;padding-top:90px}.method-flow{border-bottom:1px solid #bacbb1}.method-flow>div>span{color:#94a58c}.method-flow strong{font-size:23px}.method-flow p{color:#6b8064}.method-flow>i{color:#6b8064}.equation-sheet{background:#dce3d6;border:0;border-radius:0;padding:30px}.equation{color:#3b553c;font-size:18px}.equation>span{color:#173f23}.equation-note,.equation-label{color:#6c8464}.assumptions details{border-bottom:1px solid #b7c9ac}.assumptions summary{color:#374e33}.assumptions summary>span{color:#59824b}dl>div{color:#6c8462}dd{color:#3f5a35}.detail-prose p{color:#617a55}.verification{background:#d7e5cf;border:0;border-radius:0;padding:30px}.verification h3{color:#35552e;font-size:25px}.verification p,.verification #validation-status{color:#517a46}.verification-mark{border:1px solid #79a36b;color:#496e3b}.verification-version{color:#6c8b61}.resource-heading h2{font-size:clamp(43px,5vw,73px)}.resource-heading h2 .muted{color:#8b9d81}.resource-layout{gap:60px}.download-main{background:#d7ff39;border:0;border-radius:0;padding:37px 32px}.download-main:hover{background:#e2ff76;transform:translateY(-5px)}.download-main h3{font-size:29px;color:#20310a}.download-main p{color:#62783f}.download-icon,.download-main div>span{color:#254a10}.resource-links a{color:#435d36;border-bottom-color:#b8c8a8}.resource-links a>span:last-child{color:#769164}.run-command{background:none;border:1px solid #b4c8a5;border-radius:0}.run-command code{color:#325f22}.run-command>div>span{color:#779368}.run-command button{background:#173614;color:#eef6e8;border:0;border-radius:0}.source-notes h3{color:#3c5f2e}.source-notes p{color:#718c61}.source-notes a{color:#355f21}footer{background:#e0e6d5;border-top:0}footer>p,footer>a:last-of-type{color:#6d845e}footer>small{color:#839374}footer .wordmark{font-size:18px}.noscript-note{background:#d7ff39;color:#243b11}.section-wrap [aria-pressed="true"]{font-weight:600}
@media(min-width:1600px){.chapter-copy{left:calc((100vw - 1420px)/2);top:26%}.stage-specs{left:calc((100vw - 1420px)/2)}.chapter-copy h1{font-size:112px}.chapter-copy h2{font-size:104px}}
@media(max-width:1100px){.chapter-copy{left:5vw;width:44%;max-width:480px;top:24%}.chapter-copy h1{font-size:73px}.chapter-copy h2{font-size:67px}.chapter-description{font-size:12px;max-width:290px}.scene-controls{gap:18px}.scene-controls-left{gap:12px}.scene-readings{gap:20px}.scene-readings output{font-size:23px}.scene-timeline{max-width:240px}.stage-specs{gap:28px;left:5vw}.stage-specs b{font-size:26px}.chapter-annotation{bottom:220px;font-size:9px}.intro-layout{gap:55px}.intro .large-copy{font-size:20px}.equation{font-size:15px}}
@media(max-width:767px){#site-header{height:64px;padding:0 22px}#site-header.scrolled{height:60px}.wordmark{font-size:20px}.wordmark>span:last-child{font-size:9px}.menu-toggle{color:#223e22}.menu-toggle span{color:#406737}#nav-links{top:64px;background:#eeeee7;border-color:#b5c9a9}#nav-links a{color:#374d32;font-size:13px}.nav-download{background:transparent!important;color:#374d32!important}.section-wrap{padding:75px 23px}.section-heading h2{font-size:38px}.section-heading p{font-size:12px}#journey{height:380svh}#journey-stage{min-height:740px;height:100svh;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 60% 60%,#2c3531,#151c1c 60%,#111619)}.stage-word{top:39%;right:-8%;font-size:54vw;color:#ebf6de04}.stage-topline{top:82px;left:23px;right:23px;font-size:8px;gap:20px}.stage-topline>span:last-child{font-size:8px}.chapter-copy{top:132px;left:23px;width:calc(100% - 46px);max-width:none}.chapter-kicker{font-size:8px;margin-bottom:17px}.chapter-copy h1{font-size:clamp(52px,11.2vw,75px);max-width:500px;line-height:1.02}.chapter-copy h2{font-size:clamp(48px,10.5vw,70px);line-height:1.01;max-width:420px}.chapter-description{font-size:11px;line-height:1.8;max-width:300px;margin-top:19px}.chapter-description br{display:none}.story-button{font-size:10px;padding:11px 16px;gap:27px;margin-top:20px}.story-button>span{font-size:19px}#scene-fallback{width:120%;right:-12%;top:47%;height:26%}.stage-specs{left:23px;bottom:187px;gap:24px}.stage-specs b{font-size:21px}.stage-specs span{font-size:6px}.stage-specs p{gap:4px}.chapter-annotation{right:23px;bottom:185px;font-size:7px;max-width:150px}.chapter-annotation>span{font-size:7px}.chapter-annotation p{margin-top:5px;font-size:7px;line-height:1.5}.chapter-legend{margin-top:18px;gap:7px;font-size:8px}.chapter-text-link{font-size:9px;margin-top:17px}.chapter-example{font-size:9px;padding:10px 12px;margin-top:18px;gap:12px}.small-caption{font-size:8px;line-height:1.6;margin-top:10px}.chapter-result{max-width:270px;margin-top:18px}.chapter-result p{font-size:10px;padding:7px 0}.chapter-result b{font-size:25px}.chapter-result small{font-size:9px}.scene-controls{left:23px;right:23px;bottom:54px;gap:10px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1.2fr;padding-top:13px}.scene-controls-left{gap:12px;grid-column:1;align-self:start}#scene-cycle{gap:0;padding:2px}#scene-cycle button{font-size:8px;padding:6px 9px}#scene-play{font-size:8px;min-width:45px;gap:7px;padding:7px 0}#scene-play>span:last-child{font-size:8px}.scene-timeline{grid-column:2;grid-row:1;max-width:none;align-self:center}.scene-timeline output{font-size:8px}.scene-timeline input{height:17px}.scene-readings{grid-column:1/3;justify-content:space-between;width:100%;text-align:left;margin-top:8px;gap:12px}.scene-readings p:last-child{text-align:right}.scene-readings output{font-size:21px}.scene-readings span{font-size:7px}.stage-bottomline{left:23px;right:23px;bottom:15px;font-size:8px}.stage-bottomline>span:last-child{display:none}.stage-bottomline>span:nth-child(2){font-size:8px;gap:10px}.stage-bottomline b{font-size:11px}.intro{padding-top:82px;padding-bottom:70px}.intro h2{font-size:41px}.intro-layout{gap:27px}.intro .large-copy{font-size:19px}.intro-body>p:not(.large-copy){font-size:12px}.lab{padding-top:70px}.vehicle-panels{grid-template-columns:1fr;margin-top:25px}.vehicle-panel{padding:26px 7px}.vehicle-panel+.vehicle-panel{border-left:0;border-top:1px solid #c8d4c5}.panel-title h3{font-size:25px}.live-speed output{font-size:65px}.live-speed{margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px}.panel-bottom strong{font-size:24px}.panel-bottom{gap:55px;margin-top:20px}.signal-panel{padding:22px 12px}.signal-heading h3{font-size:27px}.signal-heading p{font-size:11px}.finding-story h2{font-size:46px}.delta-number>span{font-size:90px}.delta-number p{font-size:11px}.comparison-row strong{font-size:32px}.comparison-track{height:24px}.results-table-wrap{margin-top:52px}.results-table tbody td{font-size:21px;padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px}.results-table td small{font-size:9px}.insight{padding:26px 0;gap:15px}.insight h3{font-size:22px}.insight p{font-size:11px}.method-flow strong{font-size:22px}.equation-sheet{padding:25px 22px}.equation{font-size:15px}.verification{padding:25px 18px}.verification h3{font-size:25px}.resource-heading h2{font-size:46px}.download-main{padding:30px 23px}.download-main h3{font-size:26px}.resource-layout{gap:20px}.run-command{padding:20px}.source-notes{gap:33px}.source-notes p,.source-notes a{font-size:11px}.source-notes h3{font-size:18px}footer .wordmark{font-size:19px}footer .wordmark>span:last-child{font-size:9px}}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){#journey{height:auto}#journey-stage{position:relative;min-height:0;height:auto;padding:105px 23px 90px}.stage-word,#energy-scene,#scene-fallback,.stage-topline,.chapter-annotation,.scene-controls,.stage-bottomline,.stage-specs{display:none}.story-chapter,.story-chapter[data-chapter="0"]{position:relative;inset:auto;display:block;visibility:visible!important;opacity:1!important;transform:none!important;margin:0 0 65px;pointer-events:auto}.chapter-copy{position:relative;inset:auto;width:100%;max-width:600px}.chapter-copy h1,.chapter-copy h2{font-size:clamp(45px,7vw,80px)}.story-button{display:none}.chapter-result{max-width:400px}.chapter-legend{margin-bottom:15px}.chapter-description{max-width:500px}.scene-progress-track{display:none}}

html.lenis,html.lenis body{height:auto}.lenis.lenis-smooth{scroll-behavior:auto!important}.lenis.lenis-stopped{overflow:hidden}
@media(max-width:767px){.scene-controls-left{grid-column:1/3;grid-row:1;justify-content:space-between}.scene-timeline{grid-column:1/3;grid-row:2;width:100%;max-width:none}.scene-readings{grid-column:1/3;grid-row:3;margin-top:3px}.stage-specs{bottom:209px}.chapter-annotation{bottom:214px}.scene-controls{gap:7px}.stage-bottomline{bottom:15px}#scene-play{min-width:79px;justify-content:space-between}}

@media(min-width:768px){.stage-specs{left:auto;right:4vw;top:151px;bottom:auto;gap:32px}.stage-specs b{font-size:27px}.stage-specs span{font-size:7px}}
@media(max-width:767px){.stage-specs{display:none}}

#journey-stage::after{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0;z-index:2;pointer-events:none;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#121619 0%,#121619e8 27%,#12161900 57%)}
@media(max-width:767px){#journey-stage::after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#121619 0%,#121619e0 37%,#12161900 63%)}}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){#journey-stage::after{display:none}}

.chapter-annotation{background:#121619cf;padding:10px 13px;border-left:1px solid #d7ff3940}
@media(min-width:768px){.story-chapter[data-chapter="3"] .chapter-copy{top:15%}.story-chapter[data-chapter="3"] h2{font-size:clamp(57px,5vw,80px)}.story-chapter[data-chapter="3"] .chapter-description{font-size:12px;line-height:1.7;margin-top:20px}.story-chapter[data-chapter="3"] .chapter-result{margin-top:18px}.story-chapter[data-chapter="3"] .chapter-result p{padding:7px 0}.story-chapter[data-chapter="3"] .chapter-result b{font-size:27px}}

html{scrollbar-width:thin;scrollbar-color:#819077 #eeeee7}
@media(max-width:767px){#journey-stage:has(.story-chapter[data-chapter="2"].is-active)::after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#121619 0%,#121619 47%,#12161900 71%)}}